Karst in Slovenia

A. Mihevc; F. Gabrovšek; M. Knez; P. Kozel; J. Mulec; B. Otoničar; M. Petrič; T. Pipan; M. Prelovšek; T. Slabe; S. Šebela; N. Zupan Hajna

doi:10.21701/bolgeomin.127.1.006

Authors

A. Mihevc Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
F. Gabrovšek Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
M. Knez Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
P. Kozel Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
J. Mulec Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
B. Otoničar Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
M. Petrič Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
T. Pipan Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
M. Prelovšek Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
T. Slabe Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
S. Šebela Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
N. Zupan Hajna Karst Research Institute, Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.127.1.006

Keywords:

carbonate rocks, landscape, karst, Kras, Slovenia

Abstract

Karst is a type of landscape with special surface, underground and hydrological features and phenomena. Its main characteristic is dissolution of the carbonate rocks by water enriched with CO₂ as the dominant morphological process, removal of the rock in the form of solution and prevalent underground drainage that forms caves. In Slovene language, kras means a rocky, barren surface developed on limestone or dolomite and is also used as a toponym, so the word karst was developed from the name of the Kras plateau, which is a classical, reference site for the karst type of landscape.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Audra, P., 2000: Le karst haut Alpin du Kanin (Alpes juliennes, Slovénie-Italie). Karstologia 35, pp. 27-38. Paris. https://doi.org/10.3406/karst.2000.2456

Audra, P., A. Bini, F. Gabrovsek, P. Häuselmann, F. Hobléa, P-Y. Jeannin, J. Kunaver, M. Konbaron, F. Šušteršič, P.Tognini, H. Trimmel, A. Wildberger, 2007: Cave and karst evolution in the Alps and their relation to paleoclimate and paleotopography. Acta carsologica, 36, 1, 53-67. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v36i1.208

Aljančič, G., 2008: Jamski laboratorij Tular in človeška ribica. V spomin na očeta, Marka Aljančiča (1933-2007). Proteus, 70, 246-258.

Bulog, B., L. Bizjak-Mali, M. Kos, K, Mihajl, M, Prelovšek, G. Aljančič, 2000: Biology and functional morphology of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata). Acta Biologica Slovenica 43 (3): 85-102.

Bulog, B. 2004: Amphibia: Proteus. In: Gunn, J. (ed.) Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. Fitzroy-Dearborn, New York, pp. 128-131.

Muscio, G, F. Cucchi, G. Casagrande, 2011: Il fenomeno carsico delle Alpi Giulie. Mem. Ist. It. Spel., s. II, vol. XXIV.

Cvijič, J., 1893: Das Karstphaenomen. Versuch einer morphologischen Monographie. Geographischen Abhandlung, Wien.

Cvijič, J., 1918: Hydrographie souterraine et evolution morphologique du karst. Rec. Trav. Inst. Géograph. Alpine, 6(4), 376-420. https://doi.org/10.3406/rga.1918.4727

Culver, D.C., B.Sket, 2000: Hotspots of Subterranean Biodiversity in Caves and Wells. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 62 (1):11-17.

Culver, D.C., B. Debevec, M. Knez, M., Kovačič, A, Kranjc, J. Mulec, T. Pipan, M. Prelovšek, N. Ravbar, A. Semeja, T. Slabe, S. Šebela, N. Zupan Hajna 2012: Karstology and development challenges on karst II. Construction, tourism, ecology, protection. ZRC Publishing, Ljubljana 199 p.

Culver, D.C. and T. Pipan, 2013: Subterranean ecosystems. In: Levin, S.A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Second Edition. Academic Press, Waltham, Massachusetts, pp. 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384719-5.00224-0

Frantar, P. (ed.), 2008: Water Balance of Slovenia 1971-2000. - Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning-Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, pp. 120, Ljubljana. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/4/1/012020

Gabrovšek F., D. Romanov, W. Dreybrodt 2004: Early karstification in a dual-fracture aquifer: the role of exchange flow between prominent fractures and a dense net of fissures. Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694. [Print ed.], 2004, 299, str. 45-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.02.005

Gams, I., 1981: Types of accelerated corrosion. In: Sweeting M., (ed). Karst geomorphology, Benchmark papers in geology 59, 26-132. H. Ross, cop.

Gams, I., 2004: Kras v Sloveniji v prostoru in času. Založba ZRC, 516, Ljubljana

Gams, I., 1995: Types of the contact karst. Studia carsologica 6, 98-116, Ljubljana.

Gospodarič, R. & P. Habic (eds.), 1976: Underground water tracing. Investigations in Slovenia 1972-1975. Institute Karst Research, pp. 312, Ljubljana.

Grund, A., 1914: Der geographisches Zyclus um Karst. Zeitsch.d.Gesell f. Erdkunde, S. 621-640, Berlin.

Habic, P., 1992: Geomorfological classification of NW Dinaric karst. Acta carsologica 20, 133-164, Ljubljana.

Kircher, A., 1678: Mundus subterraneus. Pp. 507, Amstelodami, 3.ed.

Knez M., T. Slabe, 2006: Dolenjska subsoil stone forests and other karst phenomena discovered during the construction of the Hrastje - Lešnica motorway section (Slovenia). Acta Carsologica 35/2, 103-109, Ljubljana. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v35i2-3.234

Kranjc, A. (ed.), 1997: Karst Hydrogeological Investigations in South-Western Slovenia. - Acta carsologica, 26, 1, pp. 388, Ljubljana.

Kranjc, A., 1997: Kras: Slovene classical karst. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Založba ZRC: Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU.

Kraus, F., 1894: Höhlenkunde. Wege und Zweck der Erforschung unterirdischer Räume. 1-308, Wien.

Kobler A., N. Pfeifer, P. Ogrinc, L. Todorovski, K. Oštir, S. Džeroski, 2007: Repetitive interpolation: A robust algorithm for DTM generation from Aerial Laser Scanner Data in forested terrain. Remote Sensing of Environment 108 (2007) 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.10.013

Kunaver J., 2009: The nature of limestone pavements in the central part of the southern Kanin Plateau (Kaninski podi), western Julian Alps. In Karst rock features: karren sculpturing, (Carsologica, 9ZRC Publishing, 299-312.

Kunaver J., F. Gabrovšek 2001: Some remarks on the development and age of the great cave systems in the Kanin Mts., on the southern Slovenia side. In: Cave genesis in the Alpine belt: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop for Alpine speleogenesis, Habkern (Switzerland), 10.-13. September, 2000, Rapports de recherche Institut de Géographie Université de Fribourg, Suisse, Vol. 10, 141-151.

Márton, E., V. Čosovič, K. Drobne, A. Moro, 2003: Palaeomagnetic evidence for Tertiary counterclockwise rotation of Adria. Tectonophysics, 377, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.08.022

Martel, E.A., 1994: Les Abimes. Paris.

Melik, A., 1955: Kraška polja Slovenije v pleistocenu. Dela Inštituta za geografijo SAZU, 3. Ljubljana.

Mihevc, A., N. Zupan Hajna, 1996: Clastic sediments from dolines and caves found during the construction of the motorway near Divača, on the Classical Karst. Acta Carsologica 25, 169-191, Ljubljana.

Mihevc, Andrej (2000). Fosilne cevke iz brezstrope jame - verjetno najstarejši ostanki jamskega cevkarja Marifugia (Annelida: Polychaeta). Acta carsologica, volume 29, issue 2, str. 261-270. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v29i2.465

Mihevc, A., 2001: Speleogeneza Divaškega krasa. - Zbirka ZRC, 27: 1-180. Ljubljana. https://doi.org/10.3986/9789610503224

Mihevc, A., 2005: Dry Walls and Transformed Dolines - Anthropogenic influence on the Surface of the Kras. In: Mihevc A. (ed) Water and Life in a rocky Landscape. Založba ZRC, 149-154, Ljubljana.

Mihevc, A., 2007: The age of karst relief in West Slovenia. Acta carsologica 36/1. Ljubljana. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v36i1.206

Mihevc, A., Prelovšek, M., ZupanHajna, N., 2010: Introduction to the Dinaric Karst. Postojna: Inštitutzaraziskovanjekrasa ZRC SAZU: = Karst Research Institute at ZRC SAZU, 9-13, Ljubljana. https://doi.org/10.3986/9789612541989

Mihevc A., Horáček, I., Pruner, P., Zupan Hajna, N., Čermák, S., Wagner, J., Bosák, P. 2013: Miocene - Pliocene age of cave Snežna jama naRaduhi, Southern Alps, Slovenia. V: FILIPPI, Michal (ur.), BOSÁK, Pavel (Ed.). 16th International Congress of Speleology, Brno, Czech Republic, July 21-28, 2013. Proceedings. Brno: International Union of Speleology: Czech Speleological Society, 2013, vol. 3, str. 379-383, ilustr.

Mulec, J., 2008: Microorganisms in hypogeon: examples from Slovenian karst caves. Acta Carsologica, 37: 153-160. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v37i1.167

Novak, D., 1992: Tominčev studenec pri Dvoru in njegovo zaledje.- Naše jame, 33, 63-73.

Otoničar, B., 2007: Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene forbulge unconformity associated with foreland basin evolution (Kras, MatarskoPodolje and Istria; SW Slovenia and NW Croatia). Acta Carsologica, 36(1): 101-120. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v36i1.213

Petrič, M., 2004: Alpine karst waters in Slovenia. Acta carsologica, 33/1, 11-24. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v33i1.312

Placer L., Vrabec, M. & Celarc, B., 2010: The bases for understanding of the NW Dinarides and Istria Peninsula tectonics. Geologija 53/1, 55-86. https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2010.005

Polak, S. (2005): Importance of discovery of the first cave beetle Leptodirus hochenwartii Schmidt, 1832. Endins 28: 71-80.

Poljak, M.: 2000, Structural-tectonic map of Slovenia, 1:250000, compiled from the Geological Map of SFR Yugoslavia 1:100000. Geološki Zavod Slovenije, Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana.

Poljak, M., A. Gosar, M. Živčič., 2010: Active tectonics in Slovenia. GeoActa, Special Publication 3, 15-24.

Prelovšek, M., J. Turk, F. Gabrovšek, 2009: Hydrodynamic aspect of caves. International journal of speleology, 2008, 37, 1, 11-26. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.37.1.2

Radinja, D., 1972: Zakrasevanje v Sloveniji v luči celotnega morfogenetskega razvoja. Geografski zbornik 13, SAZU, Ljubljana.

Roglič, J., 1957: Zaravni u vapnencima. Geografski glasnik 19, 103-134, Zagreb.

Schmidl, A., 1854: Die Grotten und Höhlen von Adelsberg, Lueg, Planina und Laas. 1-316, Wien.

Steinberg, F. A., 1758: Gründliche Nachricht von dem in dem Inner-Crain gelegenen Czirknitzer-See, Pp. 235, Laibach

Shaw, R. T., 1992. History of Cave Science. The Exploration and Study of Limestone Caves, to 1900. Second Edition. Broadway, New South Wales, Sydney Speleological Society, 338 pg.

Šebela, S., Košťák, B, Stemberk, J. 2010. Recent micro-tectonic movement from three karst caves, Slovenia. In: Christofides, G., Kantiranis, N. & Kostopoulos, D. S., Chatzipetros, A. (eds.). Proceedings, (Scientific annals of the School of Geology, spec. vol. 99, spec. vol. 100). Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Sciences, vol. 1, 513-518.

Sket B., 2004: Postojna-Planina cave system: Biospeleology. In: Gunn, J. (ed.) Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. Fitzroy-Dearborn, New York, pp. 1289-1291.

Valvasor, J.W. 1689: Die Ehre des Herzogthums Crain. NW.M. Endtner, Nuernberg.

Vlahović, I., J. Tišljar, I. Velić, D. Matičec, 2005: Evolution of the Adriatic carbonate platform: Palaeogeography, main events and depositional dynamics.- Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 220, 3-4, 333-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.01.011

Vrabec, M., L. Fodor 2006: Late Cenozoic tectonics of Slovenia: structural styles at the Northeastern corner of the Adriatic microplate. The Adriamicroplate: GPS geodesy, tectonics and hazards, (NATO Science Series, IV, Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 61). Dordrecht: Springer, 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4235-3_10

Vrezec, A., S. Polak, A. Kapla, A. Pirnat, V. Grobelnik, A. Šalamun A. 2007: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst hroščev - Carabus variolosus, Leptodirus hochenwartii, Lucanus cervus in Morinus funereus, Rosalia alpina. Nacionalni institute za biologijo, Ljubljana, 145 p.

Walochnik, J., J. Mulec, 2009: Free-living amoebae in carbonate precipitating microhabitats of karst caves and a new vahlkampfiid amoeba, Allovahlkampfia spelaea gen. nov., sp. nov. Acta Protozoologica, 48: 25-33.

Weber J., M. Vrabec, P. Pavlovčič-Prešeren, T. Dixon, Yan Jiang, B. Stopar, 2010: GPS-derived motion of the Adriatic microplate from Istria Peninsula and Po Plain sites, and geodynamic implication. Tectonophysics, 483, 214-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.001

Zupan Hajna, N., A. Mihevc, P. Pruner, P. Bosák, 2008: Palaeomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of Karst sediments in Slovenia. 266, Ljubljana. https://doi.org/10.3986/9789612540586

Zupan Hajna, Nadja, A. Mihevc, P. Pruner, P. Bosák, 2010: Palaeomagnetic research on karst sediments in Slovenia. Int. J. Speleol. (Ed. ital.), 2010, 39, št. 2, 47-60. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.39.2.1