La mélange de San Marcos, Cordillera Septentrional de la República Dominicana. Significado, origen y edad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.128.3.006Palabras clave:
deslizamientos submarinos, formación de bloques en matriz, mélange, nanofósiles calcáreos, placa del CaribeResumen
El conocimiento del origen, significado y edad de una mélange resulta crucial para descifrar la evolución de ciertos cinturones orogénicos. Localizada en la Cordillera Septentrional de la República Dominicana, la Mélange de San Marcos contiene bloques aparentemente dispuestos de forma caótica, con tamaño centimétrico a kilométrico que incluyen litologías exóticas de tipo ofiolítico, volcanoclástico y sedimentario junto con otras propias de la cuenca. Los bloques son de edad Cretácico a Mioceno, todos inmersos en una matriz arcillosa escamosa y variablemente cizallada. Incluye también sucesiones coherentes poco deformadas, de alternancias de areniscas, limolitas y arcillas, de una cuenca marina turbidítica distal. La deformación sinsedimentaria es generalizada y produce sistemas conjugados de fracturas de cizalla extensionales, venas rellenas de calcita, bandas cataclásticas arcillosas, y estructuras de boudinage. Estas estructuras implican un estiramiento paralelo a la estratificación, producido en un medio de baja energía de talud o pie de talud submarino, e indican un bajo contraste de ductilidad entre litologías poco o nada litificadas. El análisis de paleoesfuerzos de fracturas y venas establece una dirección de extensión subhorizontal NE-SO, sugiriendo una orientación de la cuenca siguiendo un eje ortogonal ONO-ESE a NO-SE (coordenadas actuales). Los datos biocronológicos de nanofósiles presentes en la matriz indican una edad para la mélange desde la parte alta del Mioceno inferior a la parte baja del Mioceno superior.
Consideramos que la Mélange de San Marcos tiene un origen esencialmente gravitacional, cuya deformación simultánea a su depósito fue producida por deslizamientos en las laderas submarinas, desencadenados por procesos de inestabilidad en la cuenca y tectónicos (provocados por terremotos). Los bloques y megabloques de rocas ofiolíticas del Complejo de Puerto Plata y de rocas volcanoclásticas y sedimentarias litificadas de la Fm. Imbert, son bloques “exóticos” originados por el colapso gravitacional de los márgenes elevados de la cuenca sedimentaria, deslizados y emplazados en los depósitos poco consolidados de talud y cuenca turbidítica, al menos, durante el Mioceno inferior y medio. La existencia de una superficie de cizallamiento sinsedimentaria dirigida hacia el ONO, en el contacto basal de la mélange, sugiere que todo el conjunto fue desplazado en una o varias ocasiones en esa dirección. La Mélange de San Marcos no es una mélange de zona de subducción, sino que fue originada por deslizamientos submarinos de sedimentos turbidíticos en una cuenca sin-colisional de tipo piggy-back, transportada sobre una ofiolita de la zona de suprasubducción de la placa Caribeña.
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