Hydrogeological research in the Tuyajto Lake at the Flamingo National Reserve (Atacama, Chile)

Abstract

The Tuyajto Lake is a saline lake located in the Andean Altiplano of northern Chile, at the foot of the volcano of the same name. It is fed by springs located on its eastern and northern boundaries. These springs discharge groundwater from a volcanic aquifer. Arid conditions dominate in the area, with an average precipitation of less than 200 mm/year. The tritium content in some groundwater samples shows the contribution of modern recharge to the total groundwater flow. Recharge occurs by infiltration of snowmelt in the austral winter months and to a lesser extent by short but intense precipitation events during the summer. According to the vertical gradients of precipitation and its rainfall isotopic content (δ18O, δ2H), the recharge zone of the springs is located at the northern area of the lake, above 4,900 m a.s.l., along the slopes of the Tuyajto volcano, whereas the recharge to the springs discharging on the eastern area of the lake originates in the adjacent basins of Pampa Colorada and Pampa Las Tecas, at altitudes of between 4,400 and 4,700 m a.s.l. The water of these springs may contain measurable tritium. The chemical composition of groundwater is the result of meteoric water evaporation processes, high temperature water-rock interaction and the dissolution of buried old salt flat deposits. The groundwater flow is shallow, due to the presence of a regional low permeability ignimbrite formation, which precludes the formation of deep convective groundwater flow cells due to the high density. At the local scale, the Laguna Tuyajto behaves as a flow-through system compared to the regional groundwater flow. The persistence of the springs is essential for the existence of the brine sheet and maintaining the ecological conditions for the waterfowl.