Lessons learnt from semi-arid wetland degradation. Las Tablas de Daimiel National Park

Héctor Aguilera; Luis Moreno Merino

doi:10.21701/bolgeomin.130.4.007

Autores/as

Héctor Aguilera Instituto Geológico y Minero de España
Luis Moreno Merino Instituto Geológico y Minero de España

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.130.4.007

Palabras clave:

humedal semiárido, agua subterránea, gestión, modelo conceptual, antropización

Resumen

El Parque Nacional de Las Tablas de Daimiel se ha desarrollado en una zona caracterizada por la naturaleza cíclica de las sequías, la explotación excesiva del acuífero y una tendencia hacia la aridificación impulsada por el cambio climático. El entorno del parque ha sido explotado desde tiempos prehistóricos y en la actualidad se encuentran profundamente antropizado. Como consecuencia se ha llegado a una situación en la que tanto la supervivencia física del humedal como su función ecológica dependen totalmente de la acción humana. Entre los años 2006 y 2009 una fuerte sequía, junto al descenso de los niveles piezométricos, provocaron la desecación completa del humedal, la invasión del carrizo, la desaparición de la masiega y las praderas de Chara spp., y el incendio de las turberas. Coincidiendo con este periodo se muestrearon suelos y aguas subterráneas y superficiales para su caracterización física, hidrológica e hidroquímica. Durante la desecación, el parque opera como un sistema de recarga artificial y se eutrofiza, presentando una gran abundancia de nutrientes y elevada salinidad en suelos y aguas. La elevada transmisividad de la zona no saturada, y las medidas de gestión (compactación del suelo por maquinaria pesada, recirculación de aguas subterráneas, siega de carrizo, etc.), condicionan la contaminación del agua subterránea. El incremento del conocimiento del medio físico-químico ha permitido desarrollar un modelo conceptual de funcionamiento hidrológico y medidas de apoyo a la gestión en periodos de sequía. Entre éstas destaca un modelo de simulación de la humedad del suelo que permite prever el riesgo de incendio de turbas o de expansión del carrizo.

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