Procesos sedimentarios por corrientes de fondo a lo largo del margen continental ibérico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.126.2-3.002Palabras clave:
contornitas, margen continental de Iberia, Corriente Mediterránea de Salida, procesos sedimentarios, circulación masas de aguaResumen
En la evolución reciente de los márgenes continentales ibéricos se han registrado numerosos, y cada vez más frecuentes, ejemplos de procesos sedimentarios generados por la interacción de las corrientes con el fondo. Los productos de la circulación de las corrientes de fondo comprenden tanto rasgos contorníticos erosivos como deposicionales, de dimensiones variables dependiendo de los diferentes contextos geológicos y oceanográficos. En Iberia las masas de agua más relevantes interactúan principalmente a lo largo de los taludes continentales superior y medio y, en menor intensidad también en el talud inferior y llanuras abisales. Estas masas de agua han desarrollado depósitos contorníticos (monticulares separados, laminares, adosados, confinados y asociados a canales),así como rasgos contorníticos de origen erosivo, siendo los más destacables las terrazas, las superficies de abrasión, los canales, los surcos y las fosas contorníticas, en los márgenes del SW del Mar de Alborán, del Golfo de Cádiz (el más estudiado hasta la fecha), de Portugal, de Galicia, de Cabo Ortegal, y del Banco de Le Danois o “Cachucho”. Estos rasgos morfológicos se generar mayoritariamente bajo la influencia de las masas de agua Mediterráneas y en concreto por la corriente Mediterránea de salida (MOW). La MOW se caracteriza por ser relativamente caliente (13°) y por su alta salinidad (~36.5 ‰), que le confieren una alta densidad con respecto a las masas de agua circundantes, y considerándose una contribución importante a la circulación termohalina global. Es por ello que es una de las masas de agua, que rodean Iberia, más estudiadas hasta la actualidad. El desarrollo de estos rasgos contorníticos no sólo depende de la velocidad de la corriente, sino además de otros factores de control como: 1) la morfología del margen, afectada por la actividad tectónica reciente, 2) las posibles y múltiples fuentes de aporte de sedimento, 3) la interacción de la interfase entre distintas masas de agua con el fondo marino, y por último, 4) los cambios glacioeustáticos, especialmente relevantes durante el Cuaternario. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica de los numerosos procesos sedimentarios debidos a la interacción de las corrientes con el fondo a lo largo del margen continental Ibérico que pone de manifiesto que, a pesar de las relevantes implicaciones científicas que tienen estos procesos ya sea en estratigrafía, sedimentología, paleoceanografía, paleoclimatología, riesgos geológicos, como por el gran potencial económico, todavía existe una carencia importante en el conocimiento de los distintos procesos oceanográficos que podrían producir corrientes de fondo; la gran variedad de rasgos contorníticos (procesos y productos); la determinación de un modelo de facies; y la evolución en el tiempo y el espacio de estos rasgos contorníticos. Para solventar estas carencias, las expectativas de avance en este campo y alrededor de Iberia se centrarían, básicamente, en el uso de nuevas tecnologías así como en la integración de estudios multidisciplinares (geología, oceanografía física y biología bentónica/plantónica).
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