Evaluación Cuantitativa de Riesgos Ambientales Generados por Una Presa de Relaves: caso de estudio Cabeço do Pião, Portugal
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https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.132.4.006Palabras clave:
Evaluación de riesgos ambiental, presa de relaves, arsénico, geoquímicaResumen
Desde 1898, Panasqueira es una de las principales minas de tungsteno del mundo, y probablemente la más importante de Europa, habiendo estado continuamente en exploración. Entre 1927 y 1996 los minerales fueron procesados en una planta metalúrgica en las orillas del río Zêzere. Los relaves de este tratamiento se almacenaban a lo largo de la margen izquierda del río, en una extensión de aproximadamente 1.5 km. Las partículas finas (‘lodos’), se almacenaron en una presa autoconstruida situado en una ladera que ya tenía originalmente una elevada pendiente. La pendiente media actual es de unos 36°. Los lodos tienen altas concentraciones en algunos metales pesados, siendo muy alta en arsénico (alrededor del 15% en peso). Este depósito de relaves no fue incluido en el Plan Nacional de Rehabilitación de Minas Abandonadas, a pesar de presentar un alto riesgo ambiental.
Para cuantificar esta circunstancia, se preparó una evaluación cuantitativa del riesgo ambiental, teniendo en cuenta dos posibles situaciones: la actual, con liberación continua de contaminantes y, alternativamente, la situación que se derivaría del colapso de la presa. En la primera situación, se utilizó una metodología clásica de análisis cuantitativo del riesgo ambiental, estimando las concentraciones de arsénico en los compartimentos afectados utilizando un escenario de exposición conservador para inferir las dosis a las que está sujeta la población local. En la segunda situación resultaría la creación de una fuente dispersa de contaminación abarcando un área de influencia mucho más alta, una población más grande y mayores costos de rehabilitación
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